OVERVIEW OF THE VT SYSTEM

An elevator, also known as a lift, is a vehicle that travels vertically across a building's levels to transport people or cargo. The majority of modern elevators are moved by electric motors through a cables and sheaves with the help of a counterweight (pulleys). The elevator, which made it possible to access higher buildings, was a key factor in establishing the distinctive urban architecture of many modern cities and it is expected to play a significant role in the expansion of cities in the future. 

The concept of mechanically elevating objects throughout building back as least to Roman times; the Roman architect-engineer Vitruvius described lifting platforms that use pulleys and capstans, or windlasses, powered by human, animal, or water power in the first century BC. By 1800, steam power was being used on these devices in England. 

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A hydraulic lift was developed in the early 19th century, with the platform coupled to a plunger in a cylinder buried beneath the shaft to a depth equal to the shaft's height. A steam pump exerted pressure to the liquid inside the cylinder. Later, a combination of sheaves was utilized to increase the velocity of the car and decrease the plunger's depth. All of these mechanisms balanced the weight of the car using counterweights, requiring only enough power to lift the load. 

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These rules were largely used with freight hoists up to the mid-1850s. Such lifting platforms were unsuitable for passenger usage due to the unreliability of the ropes, which were typically hemp at the time. Elisha Graves Otis, an American, invented a safety device that enabled the development of the passenger elevator in 1853. When strain was removed from the hoist rope, Otis' invention, which was displayed at the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York, had a clamping arrangement that held the guide rails on which the vehicle moved. In 1857, the Haughwout Department Store in New York City installed the first passenger elevator. Powered by steam, it successfully climbed five stories in under a minute. 

In the following three decades, improved variants of the steam-driven elevator developed, but until the invention of the electric motor for elevator operation in the mid-1880s and the first commercial installation of an electric passenger elevator in 1889, no notable improvement came. A winding drum was driven by an electric motor in the Demarest Building in New York City as part of this artwork. Push-button controls were developed in 1894, and a hoisting device was shown in England in 1895. This device applied power to the sheave (pulley) at the top of the shaft, with the weights of the car and counterweight providing sufficient. The restrictions imposed by the winding drum are eliminated. the traction-drive mechanism made possible taller shafts and greater speeds. In 1904 a “gearless” feature was added by attaching the drive sheave directly to the armature of the electric motor, making speed virtually unlimited. 

Taller shafts and faster speeds were made possible by the traction-drive system. By directly connecting the driving sheave to the armature of the electric motor, a "gearless" characteristic was added in 1904, effectively doubling speed. 

After the issues with safety, speed, and height were resolved, focus shifted to practicality and affordability. So-called automatic levelling was first developed in 1915 in the form of automated controls at each floor that took over when the driver switched off his manual control within a specific distance from the floor level and directed the car to a precisely positioned stop. Door power control was included. Elevator speeds climbed to 1,200 feet (365 meters) per minute with higher building heights in rapid installations like those for the upper levels of the Empire State Building (1931), which in 1970 in Chicago's John Hancock Center reached a speed of 1,800 feet (549 meters) per minute. 

The introduction of collective operation, in which an elevator or set of elevators responded to calls sequentially from top to bottom or vice versa, improved automatic operation, which was previously used extensively in hospitals and apartment complexes due to its affordability. The hoistway door interlock, which required that the outside (shaft) door be closed and secured before the car could move, was the fundamental safety component of all elevator systems. Automatic group-supervisory systems were implemented in 1950, doing away with the necessity for elevator operators and starters. 

The concept of the double-deck elevator, which was first explored in 1932, was based on an early attempt to minimize the sacrifice of floor area caused by elevator installations in tall buildings. Each elevator had two cars that were stacked one on top of the other and worked as a single unit to serve two floors at a time. The method is rapidly being used. In Chicago's Time-Life Skyscraper, automatic double-deck elevators were in use in 1971; similar systems were being installed in Boston's John Hancock Tower, Chicago's Standard Oil Company (Indiana) building, and Toronto's Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. 

In addition to being employed for standard freight and passenger operations, modern elevators are also used in ships, dams, and other specialty structures like rocket launchers. In high-rise construction, fast elevators with a heavy lift are used. Almost all of them are electrically propelled, either by the use of cables, sheaves, and counterweights, a winding-drum mechanism (which is still frequently used in low-rise freight elevators), or an electro-hydraulic system. Three or more cables increase the safety factor and the traction surface with the sheave; cable failure is rare. 

Typically, the drive motor uses direct current for faster speeds and alternating current for lesser ones. By modifying the direct connection between the generator's armature and the drive motor's armature as well as the field strength of a direct-current generator, the speed of a direct-current motor can be changed. A gearless configuration is used for high-speed elevators, typically with the wires looped twice around the sheave. The rise of the traction elevator is unlimited, but rises greater than 100 feet require compensating ropes, which are ropes running from the bottom of the car to the bottom of the counterweight. As the car rises, the weight of the compensating rope is transferred to the car, and as it descends, more is transferred to the counterweight, maintaining the load on the drive machine, almost continuously (see illustration). 

Cylinders and plungers are utilized for low-rise passenger elevators and for heavy duty freight elevators. The platform is propelled from below by the plunger thanks to the action of pressurized oil in the cylinder. The pressure required to lift the elevator is created by a high-speed electric pump, and the vehicle is lowered by electrically operated valves that release the oil into a storage tank. For unusual applications, specialized types of hydraulic cylinder and plunger arrangements, including elements positioned horizontally, are used. For instance, aircraft-carrier elevators use the roped, or "geared," style of hydraulic elevator that was popular in the 1900s and has a plunger and cylinder connected with sheaves at each end to lift huge loads short distances. the plunger under pressure, as the distance between the sheaves widens, the elevator is raised by the ropes coiled around the sheaves. 

Elevators that use hoisting ropes must be equipped with platform "safeties," which are tools that, when activated, grab onto the steel guide rails and quickly bring the elevator to a stop. A speed governor operates the safety, which is often positioned below the car platform, through a rope. In the event that now the car is too quickly moving downward, the rope pulls the safety toward the on position. When an excessive speed is sensed, the mechanism initially turns off the elevator power before applying the safety brake. 

The majority of contemporary elevators are automatic and can be operated singly or in groups utilizing a variety of control systems. Single-automatic-push-button, the first automated control device, allows a rider sole control of the car during a travel. It is utilized for freight elevators and little apartment complexes. 

The use of collective operation with a single elevator in a building is common. The car responds to each call-in turn in one direction, then reverses and responds to each call in the other way. It is utilized in bigger apartments, medical facilities, and modest office structures. 

Two cars may operate together and split calls under a variation known as two-car or duplex collective. Two or more cars are controlled collectively via group-automatic operation, which keeps them timed to run inside a predetermined operating interval. When there is significant traffic and two or more elevators are in use, such as in hospitals, department shops, and offices, group-automatic operation is used. 

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Modern elevator systems must have separate outside doors and car doors. The two typically use the same kind of operation, such as a center opening, two leaves, and a single slide. On a car, an electric motor opens and closes the doors. To prevent harm to anybody trapped in the closure, door speed is controlled. If a door is closing and a sensor detects an object, the door is electrically reversible. To regulate door reversal, photoelectric controllers and electronic proximity devices are also used. Hoistway doors are made to always be closed prior to the operation of the elevator.

Vertically sliding doors are typical in freight elevators. Such doors are made of an upper and lower leaf that are mechanically connected such that the top half rises above the cabin roof and the bottom half lowers to the floor. Usually, a secure inner gate is necessary. A phone to an outside exchange is frequently required by law in remote regions, especially in private residences. For mechanical breakdowns, elevators in many buildings feature intercommunication systems. There are frequently alarm buttons, emergency lights, and emergency power available. 

In modern freight elevators, automatic loading and unloading equipment has been added. The automatic pickup is initiated by pressing a call button. The elevator then arrives, the load is loaded into the car, driven to the appropriate floor, and the load is unloaded.